12HClO4 + 8e− → Cl− + 4H3O+ + 11ClO4−
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- Reduction of perchloric acid
Reduction of perchloric acid yields chloride ion, hydronium ion, and perchlorate ion (Other reactions are here). This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction and is classified as follows:
Table of contents
Reaction data
Chemical equation
- Reduction of perchloric acid
General equation
- Reduction of reducible species
- ReactantOxidizing agent + e− ⟶ ProductReduction product
Oxidation state of each atom
- Reduction of perchloric acid
Reactants
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HClO4 | Perchloric acid | 12 | Oxidizing | – |
| e− | Electron | 8 | – | Electron |
Products
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cl− | Chloride ion | 1 | Reduced | – |
| H3O+ | Hydronium ion | 4 | – | – |
| ClO4− | Perchlorate ion | 11 | – | – |
Thermodynamic changes
Changes in standard condition
- Reduction of perchloric acid◆
ΔrG −1071.22 kJ/mol K 4.67 × 10187 pK −187.67 - 12HClO4Ionized aqueous solution + 8e−Cl−Un-ionized aqueous solution + 4H3O+Un-ionized aqueous solution + 11ClO4−Un-ionized aqueous solution⟶
| Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | −1181.15 | −1071.22 | 154.1 | – |
per 1 mol of | −98.4292 | −89.2683 | 12.84 | – |
per 1 mol of Electron | −147.644 | −133.903 | 19.26 | – |
per 1 mol of Chloride ion | −1181.15 | −1071.22 | 154.1 | – |
per 1 mol of Hydronium ion | −295.288 | −267.805 | 38.52 | – |
per 1 mol of Perchlorate ion | −107.377 | −97.3836 | 14.01 | – |
Thermodynamic data of reactants
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HClO4 (l) | -40.58[1] | – | – | – |
| HClO4 (ai) | -129.33[1] | -8.52[1] | 182.0[1] | – |
| HClO4 (cr) 1 hydrate | -382.21[1] | – | – | – |
| HClO4 (l) 2 hydrate | -677.98[1] | – | – | – |
| e− | – | – | – | – |
* (l):Liquid, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (cr):Crystalline solid
Thermodynamic data of products
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cl− (g) | -233.13[1] | – | – | – |
| Cl− (ao) | -167.159[1] | -131.228[1] | 56.5[1] | -136.4[1] |
| H3O+ (ao) | -285.830[1] | -237.129[1] | 69.91[1] | 75.291[1] |
| ClO4− (ao) | -129.33[1] | -8.52[1] | 182.0[1] | – |
* (g):Gas, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution
References
List of references
- 1Janiel J. Reed (1989)The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- ^ ΔfH°, -40.58 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -129.33 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -8.52 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 182.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -382.21 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -677.98 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -233.13 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -167.159 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -131.228 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 56.5 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -136.4 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -285.830 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -237.129 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 69.91 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 75.291 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -129.33 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -8.52 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 182.0 J · K−1 · mol−1