12NaCl + 5Ni(NO3)2 + 12H+ 🔥→ 12Na+ + 2ClO2↑ + 10NO2↑ + 5NiCl2 + 6H2O
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- Reaction of sodium chloride and nickel(II) nitrate under acidic condition
- 12NaClSodium chloride + 5Ni(NO3)2Nickel(II) nitrate + 12H+Hydrogen ion12Na+Sodium ion + 2ClO2↑Chlorine dioxide + 10NO2↑Nitrogen dioxide + 5NiCl2Nickel(II) chloride + 6H2OWater🔥⟶
The reaction of sodium chloride, nickel(II) nitrate, and hydrogen ion yields sodium ion, chlorine dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nickel(II) chloride, and water (Other reactions are here). This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction and is classified as follows:
Table of contents
Reaction data
Chemical equation
- Reaction of sodium chloride and nickel(II) nitrate under acidic condition
- 12NaClSodium chloride + 5Ni(NO3)2Nickel(II) nitrate + 12H+Hydrogen ion12Na+Sodium ion + 2ClO2↑Chlorine dioxide + 10NO2↑Nitrogen dioxide + 5NiCl2Nickel(II) chloride + 6H2OWater🔥⟶
General equation
- Reaction of hardly oxidizable species and oxidizing species under acidic condition
- Hardly oxidizable speciesReducing agent + Oxidizing speciesOxidizing agent + H+Non-redox agent ⟶ ProductOxidation product + ProductReduction product + H2ONon-redox product
Oxidation state of each atom
- Reaction of sodium chloride and nickel(II) nitrate under acidic condition
Reactants
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NaCl | Sodium chloride | 12 | Reducing | Hardly oxidizable |
| Ni(NO3)2 | Nickel(II) nitrate | 5 | Oxidizing | Oxidizing under acidic condition |
| H+ | Hydrogen ion | 12 | – | Hydrogen ion |
Products
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na+ | Sodium ion | 12 | – | – |
| ClO2 | Chlorine dioxide | 2 | Oxidized | – |
| NO2 | Nitrogen dioxide | 10 | Reduced | – |
| NiCl2 | Nickel(II) chloride | 5 | – | – |
| H2O | Water | 6 | – | Water |
Thermodynamic changes
Changes in standard condition (1)
- Reaction of sodium chloride and nickel(II) nitrate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG 709.1 kJ/mol K 0.59 × 10−124 pK 124.23
| Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | 1229.1 | 709.1 | 1760.2 | – |
per 1 mol of | 102.42 | 59.09 | 146.68 | – |
per 1 mol of | 245.82 | 141.8 | 352.04 | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | 102.42 | 59.09 | 146.68 | – |
per 1 mol of Sodium ion | 102.42 | 59.09 | 146.68 | – |
per 1 mol of | 614.55 | 354.6 | 880.10 | – |
per 1 mol of | 122.91 | 70.91 | 176.02 | – |
per 1 mol of | 245.82 | 141.8 | 352.04 | – |
per 1 mol of | 204.85 | 118.2 | 293.37 | – |
Changes in standard condition (2)
- Reaction of sodium chloride and nickel(II) nitrate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG 708.3 kJ/mol K 0.82 × 10−124 pK 124.09
| Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | 1173.9 | 708.3 | 1576.2 | – |
per 1 mol of | 97.825 | 59.02 | 131.35 | – |
per 1 mol of | 234.78 | 141.7 | 315.24 | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | 97.825 | 59.02 | 131.35 | – |
per 1 mol of Sodium ion | 97.825 | 59.02 | 131.35 | – |
per 1 mol of | 586.95 | 354.1 | 788.10 | – |
per 1 mol of | 117.39 | 70.83 | 157.62 | – |
per 1 mol of | 234.78 | 141.7 | 315.24 | – |
per 1 mol of | 195.65 | 118.0 | 262.70 | – |
Thermodynamic data of reactants
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NaCl (cr) | -411.153[1] | -384.138[1] | 72.13[1] | 50.50[1] |
| NaCl (g) | -176.65[1] | -196.66[1] | 229.81[1] | 35.77[1] |
| NaCl (ai) | -407.27[1] | -393.133[1] | 115.5[1] | -90.0[1] |
| Ni(NO3)2 (cr) | -415.1[1] | – | – | – |
| Ni(NO3)2 (ai) | -468.6[1] | -268.5[1] | 164.0[1] | – |
| Ni(NO3)2 (cr) 3 hydrate | -1326.3[1] | – | – | – |
| Ni(NO3)2 (cr) 6 hydrate | -2211.7[1] | – | – | 464[1] |
| H+ (g) | 1536.202[1] | – | – | – |
| H+ (ao) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] |
* (cr):Crystalline solid, (g):Gas, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution
Thermodynamic data of products
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na+ (g) | 609.358[1] | – | – | – |
| Na+ (ao) | -240.12[1] | -261.905[1] | 59.0[1] | 46.4[1] |
| ClO2 (g) | 102.5[1] | 120.5[1] | 256.84[1] | 41.97[1] |
| ClO2 (ao) | 74.9[1] | 120.1[1] | 164.8[1] | – |
| NO2 (g) | 33.18[1] | 51.31[1] | 240.06[1] | 37.20[1] |
| NiCl2 (cr) | -305.332[1] | -259.032[1] | 97.65[1] | 71.67[1] |
| NiCl2 (ai) | -388.3[1] | -307.9[1] | -15.1[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 2 hydrate | -922.2[1] | -760.1[1] | 176[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 4 hydrate | -1516.7[1] | -1234.9[1] | 243[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 6 hydrate | -2103.17[1] | -1713.19[1] | 344.3[1] | – |
| H2O (cr) | – | – | – | – |
| H2O (l) | -285.830[1] | -237.129[1] | 69.91[1] | 75.291[1] |
| H2O (g) | -241.818[1] | -228.572[1] | 188.825[1] | 33.577[1] |
* (g):Gas, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution, (cr):Crystalline solid, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (l):Liquid
References
List of references
- 1Janiel J. Reed (1989)The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- ^ ΔfH°, -411.153 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -384.138 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 72.13 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 50.50 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -176.65 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -196.66 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 229.81 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 35.77 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -407.27 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -393.133 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 115.5 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -90.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -415.1 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -468.6 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -268.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 164.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1326.3 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -2211.7 kJ · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 464. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 1536.202 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 609.358 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -240.12 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -261.905 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 59.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 46.4 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 102.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 120.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 256.84 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 41.97 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 74.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 120.1 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 164.8 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 33.18 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 51.31 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 240.06 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 37.20 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -305.332 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -259.032 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 97.65 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 71.67 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -388.3 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -307.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, -15.1 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -922.2 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -760.1 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 176. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1516.7 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -1234.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 243. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -2103.17 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -1713.19 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 344.3 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -285.830 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -237.129 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 69.91 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 75.291 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -241.818 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -228.572 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 188.825 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 33.577 J · K−1 · mol−1