CH3CHO + 2Zn + 4H+ → C2H6↑ + 2Zn2+ + H2O
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The reaction of , , and hydrogen ion yields , zinc ion, and water. This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction and is classified as follows:
Table of contents
Reaction data
Chemical equation
General equation
- Clemmensen reduction
- Ketone/AldehydeOxidizing agent + Reducing agent + H+Non-redox agentZn(Hg)⟶AlkaneReduction product + Zn2+Oxidation product + H2ONon-redox product
Oxidation state of each atom
Reactants
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Oxidizing | Aldehyde | ||
| 2 | Reducing | Zinc | ||
| H+ | Hydrogen ion | 4 | – | Hydrogen ion |
Products
Thermodynamic changes
Changes in standard condition
- Reaction of , , and hydrogen ion◆
ΔrG −435.95 kJ/mol K 2.37 × 1076 pK −76.38 - Liquid + 2Crystalline solid + 4H+Un-ionized aqueous solution↑Gas + 2Zn2+Un-ionized aqueous solution + H2OLiquidZn(Hg)⟶
| Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | −485.99 | −435.95 | −168.2 | – |
| −485.99 | −435.95 | −168.2 | – | |
| −243.00 | −217.97 | −84.10 | – | |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | −121.50 | −108.99 | −42.05 | – |
| −485.99 | −435.95 | −168.2 | – | |
per 1 mol of Zinc ion | −243.00 | −217.97 | −84.10 | – |
per 1 mol of | −485.99 | −435.95 | −168.2 | – |
Thermodynamic data of reactants
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (l) | -192.30[1] | -128.12[1] | 160.2[1] | – |
| (g) | -155.69[1] | -132.86[1] | 263.8[1] | 55.30[1] |
| (cr) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 41.63[1] | 25.40[1] |
| (g) | 130.729[1] | 95.145[1] | 160.984[1] | 20.786[1] |
| H+ (g) | 1536.202[1] | – | – | – |
| H+ (ao) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] |
* (l):Liquid, (g):Gas, (cr):Crystalline solid, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution
Thermodynamic data of products
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (g) | -84.68[1] | -32.82[1] | 229.60[1] | 52.63[1] |
| (ao) | -102.09[1] | -17.01[1] | 118.4[1] | – |
| Zn2+ (g) | 2782.78[1] | – | – | – |
| Zn2+ (ao) | -153.89[1] | -147.06[1] | -112.1[1] | 46[1] |
| H2O (cr) | – | – | – | – |
| H2O (l) | -285.830[1] | -237.129[1] | 69.91[1] | 75.291[1] |
| H2O (g) | -241.818[1] | -228.572[1] | 188.825[1] | 33.577[1] |
* (g):Gas, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution, (cr):Crystalline solid, (l):Liquid
References
List of references
- 1Janiel J. Reed (1989)The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- ^ ΔfH°, -192.30 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -128.12 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 160.2 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -155.69 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -132.86 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 263.8 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 55.30 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 41.63 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 25.40 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 130.729 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 95.145 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 160.984 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 20.786 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 1536.202 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -84.68 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -32.82 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 229.60 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 52.63 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -102.09 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -17.01 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 118.4 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 2782.78 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -153.89 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -147.06 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, -112.1 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 46. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -285.830 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -237.129 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 69.91 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 75.291 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -241.818 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -228.572 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 188.825 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 33.577 J · K−1 · mol−1