3NiCl2 + 4KMnO4 + 6H+ → 3Ni2+ + 2HClO3 + 4MnO2 + 4KCl + 2H2O
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- Reaction of nickel(II) chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
- 3NiCl2Nickel(II) chloride + 4KMnO4Potassium permanganate + 6H+Hydrogen ion3Ni2+Nickel(II) ion + 2HClO3Chloric acid + 4MnO2Manganese(IV) oxide + 4KClPotassium chloride + 2H2OWater⟶
The reaction of nickel(II) chloride, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen ion yields nickel(II) ion, chloric acid, manganese(IV) oxide, potassium chloride, and water (Other reactions are here). This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction and is classified as follows:
Table of contents
Reaction data
Chemical equation
- Reaction of nickel(II) chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
- 3NiCl2Nickel(II) chloride + 4KMnO4Potassium permanganate + 6H+Hydrogen ion3Ni2+Nickel(II) ion + 2HClO3Chloric acid + 4MnO2Manganese(IV) oxide + 4KClPotassium chloride + 2H2OWater⟶
General equation
- Reaction of hardly oxidizable species and oxidizing species under acidic condition
- Hardly oxidizable speciesReducing agent + Oxidizing speciesOxidizing agent + H+Non-redox agent ⟶ ProductOxidation product + ProductReduction product + H2ONon-redox product
Oxidation state of each atom
- Reaction of nickel(II) chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
Reactants
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NiCl2 | Nickel(II) chloride | 3 | Reducing | Hardly oxidizable |
| KMnO4 | Potassium permanganate | 4 | Oxidizing | Oxidizing under acidic condition |
| H+ | Hydrogen ion | 6 | – | Hydrogen ion |
Products
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni2+ | Nickel(II) ion | 3 | – | – |
| HClO3 | Chloric acid | 2 | Oxidized | – |
| MnO2 | Manganese(IV) oxide | 4 | Reduced | – |
| KCl | Potassium chloride | 4 | – | – |
| H2O | Water | 2 | – | Water |
Thermodynamic changes
Changes in standard condition
- Reaction of nickel(II) chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG −299.8 kJ/mol K 3.33 × 1052 pK −52.52
| Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | −359.7 | −299.8 | −203.6 | – |
per 1 mol of | −119.9 | −99.93 | −67.87 | – |
per 1 mol of | −89.92 | −74.95 | −50.90 | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | −59.95 | −49.97 | −33.93 | – |
per 1 mol of Nickel(II) ion | −119.9 | −99.93 | −67.87 | – |
per 1 mol of | −179.8 | −149.9 | −101.8 | – |
per 1 mol of | −89.92 | −74.95 | −50.90 | – |
per 1 mol of | −89.92 | −74.95 | −50.90 | – |
per 1 mol of | −179.8 | −149.9 | −101.8 | – |
Thermodynamic data of reactants
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NiCl2 (cr) | -305.332[1] | -259.032[1] | 97.65[1] | 71.67[1] |
| NiCl2 (ai) | -388.3[1] | -307.9[1] | -15.1[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 2 hydrate | -922.2[1] | -760.1[1] | 176[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 4 hydrate | -1516.7[1] | -1234.9[1] | 243[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 6 hydrate | -2103.17[1] | -1713.19[1] | 344.3[1] | – |
| KMnO4 (cr) | -837.2[1] | -737.6[1] | 171.71[1] | 117.57[1] |
| KMnO4 (ai) | -793.8[1] | -730.5[1] | 293.7[1] | -60.2[1] |
| H+ (g) | 1536.202[1] | – | – | – |
| H+ (ao) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] |
* (cr):Crystalline solid, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (g):Gas, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution
Thermodynamic data of products
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni2+ (g) | 2931.390[1] | – | – | – |
| Ni2+ (ao) | -54.0[1] | -45.6[1] | -128.9[1] | – |
| HClO3 (ai) | -103.97[1] | -7.95[1] | 162.3[1] | – |
| MnO2 (cr) | -520.03[1] | -465.14[1] | 53.05[1] | 54.14[1] |
| MnO2 (am) precipitated | -502.5[1] | – | – | – |
| KCl (cr) | -436.747[1] | -409.14[1] | 82.59[1] | 51.30[1] |
| KCl (g) | -214.14[1] | -233.0[1] | 239.10[1] | 36.48[1] |
| KCl (ai) | -419.53[1] | -414.49[1] | 159.0[1] | -114.6[1] |
| H2O (cr) | – | – | – | – |
| H2O (l) | -285.830[1] | -237.129[1] | 69.91[1] | 75.291[1] |
| H2O (g) | -241.818[1] | -228.572[1] | 188.825[1] | 33.577[1] |
* (g):Gas, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (cr):Crystalline solid, (am):Amorphous solid, (l):Liquid
References
List of references
- 1Janiel J. Reed (1989)The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- ^ ΔfH°, -305.332 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -259.032 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 97.65 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 71.67 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -388.3 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -307.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, -15.1 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -922.2 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -760.1 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 176. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1516.7 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -1234.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 243. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -2103.17 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -1713.19 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 344.3 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -837.2 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -737.6 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 171.71 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 117.57 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -793.8 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -730.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 293.7 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -60.2 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 1536.202 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 2931.390 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -54.0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -45.6 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, -128.9 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -103.97 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -7.95 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 162.3 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -520.03 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -465.14 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 53.05 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 54.14 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -502.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -436.747 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -409.14 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 82.59 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 51.30 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -214.14 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -233.0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 239.10 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 36.48 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -419.53 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -414.49 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 159.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -114.6 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -285.830 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -237.129 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 69.91 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 75.291 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -241.818 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -228.572 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 188.825 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 33.577 J · K−1 · mol−1