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3KCl + 11HNO3 🔥→ 3KNO3 + 3HClO4 + 8NO↑ + 4H2O

The reaction of potassium chloride and nitric acid yields potassium nitrate, perchloric acid, nitrogen monoxide, and water (Other reactions are here). This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction and is classified as follows:

Table of contents
  1. 1Reaction data
  2. 2Thermodynamic changes
  3. 3References
  4. 4Related reactions
  5. 5Related categories

Reaction data

Chemical equation

General equation

Reaction of hardly oxidizable species and oxidizing species
Hardly oxidizable speciesReducing agent + Oxidizing speciesOxidizing agent
ProductOxidation product + ProductReduction product

Oxidation state of each atom

Reactants

Chemical formulaNameCoefficientTypeType in general
equation
KClPotassium chloride3
Reducing
Hardly oxidizable
HNO3Nitric acid11
Oxidizing
Oxidizing

Products

Chemical formulaNameCoefficientTypeType in general
equation
KNO3Potassium nitrate3
HClO4Perchloric acid3
Oxidized
NONitrogen monoxide8
Reduced
H2OWater4

Thermodynamic changes

Changes in standard condition

Reaction of potassium chloride and nitric acid
3KClCrystalline solid + 11HNO3Liquid
🔥
3KNO3Crystalline solid + 3HClO4Liquid + 8NOGas + 4H2OLiquid
Standard enthalpy
of reaction
ΔrH°
kJ · mol−1
Standard
Gibbs energy
of reaction
ΔrG°
kJ · mol−1
Standard entropy
of reaction
ΔrS°
J · K−1 · mol−1
Standard heat
capacity of reaction
at constant pressure
ΔrCp°
J · K−1 · mol−1
per 1 mol of
Equation
1198.39
per 1 mol of
399.463
per 1 mol of
108.945
per 1 mol of
399.463
per 1 mol of
399.463
per 1 mol of
149.799
per 1 mol of
299.598

Changes in aqueous solution

Reaction of potassium chloride and nitric acid
ΔrG1001.95 kJ/mol
K0.29 × 10−175
pK175.53
3KClIonized aqueous solution + 11HNO3Ionized aqueous solution
🔥
3KNO3Ionized aqueous solution + 3HClO4Ionized aqueous solution + 8NOGas + 4H2OLiquid
Standard enthalpy
of reaction
ΔrH°
kJ · mol−1
Standard
Gibbs energy
of reaction
ΔrG°
kJ · mol−1
Standard entropy
of reaction
ΔrS°
J · K−1 · mol−1
Standard heat
capacity of reaction
at constant pressure
ΔrCp°
J · K−1 · mol−1
per 1 mol of
Equation
1351.021001.951171.0
per 1 mol of
450.340333.983390.33
per 1 mol of
122.82091.0864106.45
per 1 mol of
450.340333.983390.33
per 1 mol of
450.340333.983390.33
per 1 mol of
168.877125.244146.38
per 1 mol of
337.755250.488292.75

Thermodynamic data of reactants

Chemical formulaStandard enthalpy
of formation
ΔfH°
kJ · mol−1
Standard Gibbs
energy of
formation
ΔfG°
kJ · mol−1
Standard
molar entropy
S°
J · K−1 · mol−1
Standard molar
heat capacity at
constant pressure
Cp°
J · K−1 · mol−1
KCl (cr)-436.747[1]-409.14[1]82.59[1]51.30[1]
KCl (g)-214.14[1]-233.0[1]239.10[1]36.48[1]
KCl (ai)-419.53[1]-414.49[1]159.0[1]-114.6[1]
HNO3 (l)-174.10[1]-80.71[1]155.60[1]109.87[1]
HNO3 (g)-135.06[1]-74.72[1]266.38[1]53.35[1]
HNO3 (ai)-207.36[1]-111.25[1]146.4[1]-86.6[1]
HNO3 (l)
1 hydrate
-473.46[1]-328.77[1]216.90[1]182.46[1]
HNO3 (l)
3 hydrate
-1056.04[1]-811.09[1]346.98[1]325.14[1]
* (cr):Crystalline solid, (g):Gas, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (l):Liquid

Thermodynamic data of products

Chemical formulaStandard enthalpy
of formation
ΔfH°
kJ · mol−1
Standard Gibbs
energy of
formation
ΔfG°
kJ · mol−1
Standard
molar entropy
S°
J · K−1 · mol−1
Standard molar
heat capacity at
constant pressure
Cp°
J · K−1 · mol−1
KNO3 (cr)-494.63[1]-394.86[1]133.05[1]96.40[1]
KNO3 (ai)-459.74[1]-394.53[1]248.9[1]-64.9[1]
HClO4 (l)-40.58[1]
HClO4 (ai)-129.33[1]-8.52[1]182.0[1]
HClO4 (cr)
1 hydrate
-382.21[1]
HClO4 (l)
2 hydrate
-677.98[1]
NO (g)90.25[1]86.55[1]210.761[1]29.844[1]
H2O (cr)
H2O (l)-285.830[1]-237.129[1]69.91[1]75.291[1]
H2O (g)-241.818[1]-228.572[1]188.825[1]33.577[1]
* (cr):Crystalline solid, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (l):Liquid, (g):Gas

References

List of references

  1. 1
    Janiel J. Reed (1989)
    The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI Units
    National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)