Barium

Last updated: March 31, 2022

Barium is an elementary substance of main group element with formula Ba.

Table of contents

Names

List of substance names

Nomenclature

Name

Typical name: Barium

Compositional nomenclature: Barium

Formulae and structures

List of formulae

Formula name

Formula

Typical formula: Ba

Compositional formula: Ba

Structural formula

Lewis structure

Colored Lewis structure

Properties

List of substance properties

Item

Value

Name: Barium

Formula: Ba

Appearance: Silver white solid

Odor: Odorless

Molar mass: 137.327 g/mol

Density: 3.51 g/cm³^[1]
Solid, 20°C; 3.62 g/cm³^[2]
Solid

Melting point: 726.9 °C^[1]; 727 °C^[2]

Boiling point: 1845 °C^[1]; ≈1845 °C^[2]

Constituents

Constituent atoms

Atom	Name	Oxidation state	Number
Ba	Barium	0	1

Ratio of atoms

Atom	Atomic weight	Number	Atomic ratio	Weight ratio
Ba	137.327	1	100.00%	100.00%

Thermodynamic properties

Phase transition properties

Item

Value

Enthalpy of fusion: 7.12 kJ · mol⁻¹^[1][2]
at 726.9°C

Enthalpy of vaporization: 140.3 kJ · mol⁻¹^[1]
at 1845°C; 140 kJ · mol⁻¹^[2]
at ≈1845°C

Enthalpy of vaporization at 25°C: –

Enthalpy of other transition: –

Standard thermodynamic properties

State	Standard enthalpy of formation Δ_fH° kJ · mol⁻¹	Standard Gibbs energy of formation Δ_fG° kJ · mol⁻¹	Standard molar entropy S° J · K⁻¹ · mol⁻¹	Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure C_p° J · K⁻¹ · mol⁻¹
Crystalline solid	0^[3]	0^[3]	62.8^[3]	28.07^[3]
Gas	180.^[3]	146.^[3]	170.243^[3]	20.786^[3]

Solubility

Qualitative solubility

Reactive: H₂O^[1]Water

Miscible

Very soluble

Soluble

Slightly soluble

Very slightly soluble

Insoluble

Hazards

GHS label^[4]

Item

Value

Hazard pictograms: GHS02: Flame; GHS07: Exclamation mark; GHS08: Health hazard

Signal word: Danger

Hazard statements: H261: In contact with water releases flammable gases; H315: Causes skin irritation; H319: Causes serious eye irritation; H370: Causes damage to organs; H370: Causes damage to nervous system; H370: Causes damage to cardiovascular system; H370: Causes damage to gastrointestinal tract; H370: Causes damage to muscular system; H335: May cause respiratory irritation; H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; H372: Causes damage to cardiovascular system through prolonged or repeated exposure; H372: Causes damage to nervous system through prolonged or repeated exposure; H372: Causes damage to muscular system through prolonged or repeated exposure; H372: Causes damage to kidney through prolonged or repeated exposure

Physical hazards^[4]

Classification	Category	Label	Hazard statement
Explosives	Not applicable
Flammable gases	Not applicable
Aerosols	Not applicable
Oxidizing gases	Not applicable
Gases under pressure	Not applicable
Flammable liquids	Not applicable
Flammable solids	Classification not possible
Self reactive substances and mixtures	Not applicable
Pyrophoric liquids	Not applicable
Pyrophoric solids	Classification not possible
Self heating substances and mixtures	Classification not possible
Substances and mixtures which in contact with water emit flammable gases	Category 2	Danger	H261: In contact with water releases flammable gases
Oxidizing liquids	Not applicable
Oxidizing solids	Not classified
Organic peroxides	Not applicable
Substances and mixtures corrosive to metals	Classification not possible
Desensitized explosives	No data

Health hazards^[4]

Classification	Category	Label	Hazard statement
Acute oral toxicity	Classification not possible
Acute dermal toxicity	Classification not possible
Acute inhalation toxicity by gas	Not applicable
Acute inhalation toxicity by vapor	Not applicable
Acute inhalation toxicity by dust or mist	Classification not possible
Skin corrosion irritation	Category 2	Warning	H315: Causes skin irritation
Serious eye damage eye irritation	Category 2A	Warning	H319: Causes serious eye irritation
Respiratory sensitization	Classification not possible
Skin sensitization	Classification not possible
Germ cell mutagenicity	Classification not possible
Carcinogenicity	Classification not possible
Reproductive toxicity	Classification not possible
Specific target organ toxicity single exposure	Category 1 (Nervous system, Cardiovascular system, Gastrointestinal tract, Muscular system)	Danger	H370: Causes damage to organs H370: Causes damage to nervous system H370: Causes damage to cardiovascular system H370: Causes damage to gastrointestinal tract H370: Causes damage to muscular system
Specific target organ toxicity single exposure	Category 3 (Respiratory tract irritation)	Warning	H335: May cause respiratory irritation
Specific target organ toxicity repeated exposure	Category 1 (Cardiovascular system, Nervous system, Muscular system, Kidney)	Danger	H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure H372: Causes damage to cardiovascular system through prolonged or repeated exposure H372: Causes damage to nervous system through prolonged or repeated exposure H372: Causes damage to muscular system through prolonged or repeated exposure H372: Causes damage to kidney through prolonged or repeated exposure
Aspiration hazard	Classification not possible

Environmental hazards^[4]

Classification	Category	Label	Hazard statement
Hazardous to the aquatic environment short term	Classification not possible
Hazardous to the aquatic environment long term	Classification not possible
Hazardous to the ozone layer	Classification not possible

Preparations

Molten salt electrolysis

Molten salt electrolysis of salt can yield barium.

Molten salt electrolysis of barium fluoride ◆ Δ_rG 1156.8 kJ/mol K 0.22 × 10⁻²⁰² pK 202.66: BaF₂Barium fluoride
🔥⚡
⟶
BaBarium + F₂↑Fluorine

Molten salt electrolysis of barium sulfide ◆ Δ_rG 456 kJ/mol K 0.13 × 10⁻⁷⁹ pK 79.89: BaSBarium sulfide
🔥⚡
⟶
BaBarium + SSulfur

Molten salt electrolysis of barium chloride ◆ Δ_rG 810.4 kJ/mol K 0.11 × 10⁻¹⁴¹ pK 141.98: BaCl₂Barium chloride
🔥⚡
⟶
BaBarium + Cl₂↑Chlorine

Molten salt electrolysis of barium bromide ◆ Δ_rG 736.8 kJ/mol K 0.83 × 10⁻¹²⁹ pK 129.08: BaBr₂Barium bromide
🔥⚡
⟶
BaBarium + Br₂Bromine

Molten salt electrolysis of barium iodide ◆ Δ_rG 680.32 kJ/mol K 0.65 × 10⁻¹¹⁹ pK 119.19: BaI₂Barium iodide
🔥⚡
⟶
BaBarium + I₂Iodine

Chemical reactions

Reaction with nonmetal

The reaction of barium and nonmetal yields binary compound of barium.

Reaction of barium and oxygen ◆ Δ_rG −1050.2 kJ/mol K 9.71 × 10¹⁸³ pK −183.99: 2BaBarium + O₂Oxygen
⟶
2BaOBarium oxide

Reaction of barium and fluorine ◆ Δ_rG −1156.8 kJ/mol K 4.60 × 10²⁰² pK −202.66: BaBarium + F₂Fluorine
⟶
BaF₂Barium fluoride

Reaction of barium and chlorine ◆ Δ_rG −810.4 kJ/mol K 9.46 × 10¹⁴¹ pK −141.98: BaBarium + Cl₂Chlorine
⟶
BaCl₂Barium chloride

Reaction of barium and bromine ◆ Δ_rG −736.8 kJ/mol K 1.21 × 10¹²⁹ pK −129.08: BaBarium + Br₂Bromine
⟶
BaBr₂Barium bromide

Reaction of barium and iodine ◆ Δ_rG −680.32 kJ/mol K 1.54 × 10¹¹⁹ pK −119.19: BaBarium + I₂Iodine
⟶
BaI₂Barium iodide

Reaction with acid

The reaction of barium and acid yields salt and hydrogen.

Reaction of barium and hydrogen fluoride ◆ Δ_rG −610.4 kJ/mol K 8.66 × 10¹⁰⁶ pK −106.94: BaBarium + 2HFHydrogen fluoride
⟶
BaF₂Barium fluoride + H₂Hydrogen

Reaction of barium and hydrogen chloride ◆ Δ_rG −619.8 kJ/mol K 3.84 × 10¹⁰⁸ pK −108.58: BaBarium + 2HClHydrogen chloride
⟶
BaCl₂Barium chloride + H₂Hydrogen

Reaction of barium and hydrogen bromide ◆ Δ_rG −629.9 kJ/mol K 2.26 × 10¹¹⁰ pK −110.35: BaBarium + 2HBrHydrogen bromide
⟶
BaBr₂Barium bromide + H₂Hydrogen

Reaction of barium and hydrogen iodide ◆ Δ_rG −560.78 kJ/mol K 1.76 × 10⁹⁸ pK −98.24: BaBarium + 2HIHydrogen iodide
⟶
BaI₂Barium iodide + H₂Hydrogen

Reaction of barium and hydrogen sulfide ◆ Δ_rG −422 kJ/mol K 8.53 × 10⁷³ pK −73.93: BaBarium + H₂SHydrogen sulfide
⟶
BaSBarium sulfide + H₂Hydrogen

Reaction with water

The reaction of barium and water yields hydroxide base/basic oxide and hydrogen.

Reaction of barium and water ◆ Δ_rG −288.0 kJ/mol K 2.85 × 10⁵⁰ pK −50.46: BaBarium + H₂OWater
⟶
BaOBarium oxide + H₂↑Hydrogen

Reaction of barium and water: BaBarium + 2H₂OWater
⟶
Ba(OH)₂Barium hydroxide + H₂↑Hydrogen

Reaction with oxidizing species

The reaction of barium and oxidizing species yields a variety of products.

Reaction of barium and nitric acid ◆ Δ_rG −635.17 kJ/mol K 1.89 × 10¹¹¹ pK −111.28: BaBarium + 2HNO₃Nitric acid
⟶
Ba(NO₃)₂Barium nitrate + H₂↑Hydrogen

Reaction of barium and chromic acid: BaBarium + H₂CrO₄Chromic acid
⟶
BaCrO₄Barium chromate + H₂↑Hydrogen

Reaction of barium and potassium permanganate ◆ Δ_rG −1362.8 kJ/mol K 5.65 × 10²³⁸ pK −238.75: 4BaBarium + KMnO₄Potassium permanganate
⟶
4BaOBarium oxide + KPotassium + MnManganese

Reaction of barium and potassium permanganate ◆ Δ_rG −2522.6 kJ/mol K 8.72 × 10⁴⁴¹ pK −441.94: 7BaBarium + 2KMnO₄Potassium permanganate
⟶
7BaOBarium oxide + 2MnManganese + K₂OPotassium oxide

Reaction with reducible species

The reaction of barium and reducible species yields a variety of products.

Reaction of barium and sulfur ◆ Δ_rG −456 kJ/mol K 7.72 × 10⁷⁹ pK −79.89: BaBarium + SSulfur
⟶
BaSBarium sulfide

Reaction of barium and manganese(IV) oxide ◆ Δ_rG −585.1 kJ/mol K 3.20 × 10¹⁰² pK −102.51: 2BaBarium + MnO₂Manganese(IV) oxide
⟶
2BaOBarium oxide + MnManganese

Reaction of barium and iron(III) oxide ◆ Δ_rG −833.1 kJ/mol K 8.97 × 10¹⁴⁵ pK −145.95: 3BaBarium + Fe₂O₃Iron(III) oxide
⟶
3BaOBarium oxide + 2FeIron

Reaction of barium and sulfuric acid ◆ Δ_rG −672.2 kJ/mol K 5.81 × 10¹¹⁷ pK −117.76: BaBarium + H₂SO₄Sulfuric acid
⟶
BaSO₄Barium sulfate + H₂↑Hydrogen

Reaction with hardly reducible species

The reaction of barium and hardly reducible species yields a variety of products.

Reaction of barium and manganese(II) oxide ◆ Δ_rG −162.2 kJ/mol K 2.61 × 10²⁸ pK −28.42: BaBarium + MnOManganese(II) oxide
⟶
BaOBarium oxide + MnManganese

Reaction of barium and aluminium oxide ◆ Δ_rG 7.0 kJ/mol K 0.59 × 10⁻¹ pK 1.23: 3BaBarium + Al₂O₃Aluminium oxide
🔥
⟶
3BaOBarium oxide + 2AlAluminium

References

List of references

1
James G. Speight (2017)
Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 17th edition
https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9781259586095
McGraw Hill Education
- Amazon
Citation list
- ^ Density, 3.51 g/cm³ - p.33
- ^ Melting point, 726.9 °C - p.33
- ^ Boiling point, 1845 °C - p.33
- ^ Enthalpy of fusion, 7.12 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.297
- ^ Enthalpy of vaporization, 140.3 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.297
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Reactive with water - p.33
2
John R. Rumble Jr, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno (2019)
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 100th Edition
https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics/book-series/CRCHANCHEPHY
CRC Press
- Amazon
Citation list
- ^ Density, 3.62 g/cm³ - p.4-42
- ^ Melting point, 727 °C - p.4-42
- ^ Boiling point, ≈1845 °C - p.4-42
- ^ Enthalpy of fusion, 7.12 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.6-154
- ^ Enthalpy of vaporization, 140 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.6-138
3
Janiel J. Reed (1989)
The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI Units
https://doi.org/10.18434/M32124
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Citation list
4
Chemical Management Center
GHS Classification Results
https://www.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/all_fy_e.html
National Institute of Technology and Evaluation
Citation list

Δ_rG	1156.8 kJ/mol
K	0.22 × 10⁻²⁰²
pK	202.66

Δ_rG	456 kJ/mol
K	0.13 × 10⁻⁷⁹
pK	79.89

Δ_rG	810.4 kJ/mol
K	0.11 × 10⁻¹⁴¹
pK	141.98

Δ_rG	736.8 kJ/mol
K	0.83 × 10⁻¹²⁹
pK	129.08

Barium

Names

List of substance names

Formulae and structures

List of formulae

Properties

List of substance properties

Constituents

Constituent atoms

Ratio of atoms

Thermodynamic properties

Phase transition properties

Standard thermodynamic properties

Solubility

Qualitative solubility

Hazards

GHS label[4]

Physical hazards[4]

Health hazards[4]

Environmental hazards[4]

Preparations

Molten salt electrolysis

Chemical reactions

Reaction with nonmetal

Reaction with acid

Reaction with water

Reaction with oxidizing species

Reaction with reducible species

Reaction with hardly reducible species

References

List of references

Related substances

Elementary substances of group 2 element

Barium compounds

Related categories

Classification by constituent

Type of substance

State of substance

Property of substance

Solubility of substance

Color of substance

Odor of substance

GHS label^[4]

Physical hazards^[4]

Health hazards^[4]

Environmental hazards^[4]