Potassium chloride
Potassium chloride is an inorganic compound with formula KCl.
- 1Names
- 2Formulae and structures
- 3Properties
- 4Constituents
- 5Thermodynamic properties
- 6Solubility
- 7Preparations
- 8Chemical reactions
- 9References
- 10Related substances
- 11Related categories
Names
List of substance names
- Typical name
- Potassium chloride
- Compositional nomenclature
- Potassium chloride
- Other names
- –
Formulae and structures
List of formulae
- Typical formula
- KCl
- Compositional formula
- KCl
- Structural formula
- Lewis structure
- Colored Lewis structure
Properties
List of substance properties
Constituents
Constituent ions
| Ion | Name | Charge number | Number |
|---|---|---|---|
| K+ | Potassium ion | 1 | 1 |
| Cl− | Chloride ion | -1 | 1 |
Constituent atoms
| Atom | Name | Oxidation state | Number |
|---|---|---|---|
| K | Potassium | +1 | 1 |
| Cl | Chlorine | −1 | 1 |
Ratio of atoms
| Atom | Atomic weight | Number | Atomic ratio | Weight ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| K | 39.0983 | 1 | 50.00% | 52.45% |
| Cl | 35.45 | 1 | 50.00% | 47.55% |
Thermodynamic properties
Phase transition properties
Standard thermodynamic properties
State | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crystalline solid | −436.747[3] | −409.14[3] | 82.59[3] | 51.30[3] |
| Gas | −214.14[3] | −233.0[3] | 239.10[3] | 36.48[3] |
| Ionized aqueous solution | −419.53[3] | −414.49[3] | 159.0[3] | −114.6[3] |
Solubility
Qualitative solubility
Solubility in water (g/100 g)[1]
| 0°C | 10°C | 20°C | 30°C | 40°C | 60°C | 80°C | 90°C | 100°C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28 | 31.2 | 34.2 | 37.2 | 40.1 | 45.8 | 51.3 | 53.9 | 56.3 |
Solubility in water (g/100 g)[4]
| -9°C | -4.5°C | 0°C | 5°C | 10°C | 15°C | 20°C | 25°C | 30°C | 40°C | 50°C | 60°C | 70°C | 80°C | 90°C | 100°C | 130°C | 147°C | 180°C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23.9 | 25.9 | 27.6 | 29.3 | 31 | 32.4 | 34 | 35.5 | 37 | 40 | 42.6 | 45.5 | 48.3 | 51.1 | 54 | 56.7 | 66 | 70.8 | 77.5 |
Solubility in water (g/100 g)[4]
| 0.7°C | 19.55°C | 32.8°C | 59.85°C | 74.8°C | 89.45°C | 108°C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28.29 | 34.37 | 38.32 | 45.84 | 49.58 | 53.38 | 58.11 |
Solubility in formic acid (g/100 g, 95%)[4]
| 19.7°C |
|---|
| 19.4 |
Solubility in hydroxylamine (g/100 g)[4]
| 18°C |
|---|
| 12.3 |
Solubility in glycerol (g/100 g)[4]
| 16°C |
|---|
| 3.72 |
Solubility in methanol (g/100 g)[4]
| 25°C |
|---|
| 0.53 |
Solubility in ethanol (g/100 g)[4]
| 25°C |
|---|
| 0.022 |
Solubility in 1-propanol (g/100 g)[4]
| 25°C |
|---|
| 0.004 |
Solubility in 1-pentanol (g/100 g)[4]
| 25°C |
|---|
| 0.0008 |
Solubility in hydrazine (g/100 mL)[4]
| 25°C |
|---|
| 9 |
Solubility in glycerol (g/100 mL)[1]
| 20°C |
|---|
| 7 |
Solubility in ethanol (g/100 mL)[1]
| 20°C |
|---|
| 0.4 |
Solubility in glycerol (g/100 mL solution)[4]
| 25°C |
|---|
| 8.25 |
Solubility in methanol (g/100 mL solution)[4]
| 25°C |
|---|
| 0.43 |
Solubility in ethanol (g/100 mL solution)[4]
| 25°C |
|---|
| 0.08 |
Solubility in acetone (g/100 g solution)[4]
| 20°C | 30°C | 40°C |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
Solubility in pyridine (g/100 g solution)[4]
| 10°C |
|---|
| 0 |
Solubility curve (g/100 g)
Solubility curve (g/100 mL)
Solubility curve (g/100 mL solution)
Solubility curve (g/100 g solution)
Preparations
Reaction of metal and nonmetal
The reaction of and yields potassium chloride.
Reaction of acid and base
The reaction of hydrogen chloride and potassium hydroxide yields potassium chloride and water.
Reaction of basic oxide and acid
The reaction of basic oxide and acid can yield potassium chloride.
Reaction of salt of weak acid and strong acid
The reaction of salt of weak acid and strong acid can yield potassium chloride.
Reaction of salt of weak base and strong base
The reaction of salt of weak base and strong base can yield potassium chloride.
Decomposition
Decomposition of thermally decomposable substance can yield potassium chloride.
Reaction of active metal and acid
The reaction of and hydrogen chloride yields potassium chloride and .
Reaction of nonmetal and hydroxide base
The reaction of and hydroxide base can yield potassium chloride.
Chemical reactions
Electrolytic dissociation
Electrolytic dissociation of potassium chloride yields potassium ion and chloride ion.
Reaction with nonvolatile acid
The reaction of potassium chloride and nonvolatile acid yields salt of non volatile acid and hydrogen chloride.
Reaction with reducing species
The reaction of and potassium chloride yields sodium chloride and .
Reaction with oxidizing species
The reaction of potassium chloride and oxidizing species yields a variety of products.
Reaction with oxidizing species under acidic condition
The reaction of potassium chloride, oxidizing species, and hydrogen ion yields a variety of products.
Reaction with oxidizing species under neutral condition
The reaction of potassium chloride, oxidizing species, and water yields a variety of products.
Precipitation reaction
When a certain chemical species is present in aqueous solution, it reacts with potassium chloride to form a precipitate.
Electrolysis of aqueous solution
Electrolysis of aqueous potassium chloride yields a variety of products.
Molten salt electrolysis
Molten salt electrolysis of potassium chloride yields and .
References
List of references
- 1James G. Speight (2017)Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 17th editionMcGraw Hill Education
- ^ Density, 1.988 g/cm3 - p.57
- ^ Melting point, 771 °C - p.57
- ^ Boiling point, 1437 °C - p.57
- ^ Enthalpy of fusion, 26.53 kJ · mol−1 - p.307
- ^ Enthalpy of vaporization, 124.3 kJ · mol−1 - p.307
- ^ Solubility in Water (g/100 g), See the table - p.340
- ^ Solubility in Glycerol (g/100 mL), See the table - p.57
- ^ Solubility in Ethanol (g/100 mL), See the table - p.57
- 2John R. Rumble Jr, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno (2019)CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 100th EditionCRC Press
- ^ Density, 1.988 g/cm3 - p.4-48
- ^ Melting point, 771 °C - p.4-48
- ^ Enthalpy of fusion, 26.28 kJ · mol−1 - p.6-159
- 3Janiel J. Reed (1989)The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- ^ ΔfH°, -436.747 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -409.14 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 82.59 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 51.30 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -214.14 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -233.0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 239.10 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 36.48 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -419.53 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -414.49 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 159.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -114.6 J · K−1 · mol−1
- 4Atherton Seidell (1919)Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds: A Compilation of Quantitative Solubility Data From the Periodical LiteratureD. Van Nostrand Company
- ^ Solubility in Water (g/100 g), See the table - p.516
- ^ Solubility in Water (g/100 g), See the table - p.516
- ^ Solubility in Formic acid (g/100 g), See the table - p.526
- ^ Solubility in Hydroxylamine (g/100 g), See the table - p.526
- ^ Solubility in Glycerol (g/100 g), See the table - p.526
- ^ Solubility in Methanol (g/100 g), See the table - p.524
- ^ Solubility in Ethanol (g/100 g), See the table - p.524
- ^ Solubility in 1-Propanol (g/100 g), See the table - p.524
- ^ Solubility in 1-Pentanol (g/100 g), See the table - p.524
- ^ Solubility in Hydrazine (g/100 mL), See the table - p.526
- ^ Solubility in Glycerol (g/100 mL solution), See the table - p.526
- ^ Solubility in Methanol (g/100 mL solution), See the table - p.524
- ^ Solubility in Ethanol (g/100 mL solution), See the table - p.524
- ^ Solubility in Acetone (g/100 g solution), See the table - p.525
- ^ Solubility in Pyridine (g/100 g solution), See the table - p.526
